A Personal Evolution free essay sample

The question: Comment on the changes that have occurred in your life during the last four years? I was recently fortunate enough to conduct an interview with bonafide movie star Colin Farrell. Most of our discourse pertained to film, his upcoming projects, and other cinematic ambitions. However, towards the end of our conversation he poignantly observed that when he first started making movies in the states, he was terrified of the prospect of going back to his hometown in Ireland and having his friends and family proclaiming â€Å"he’d changed†. Before I could contemplate how I’d evolved over my miniscule 18-year life, Ferrell followed that sentiment with â€Å"but you should be changing all the time.† Farrell’s final words had ignited a notion I’d been ruminating for the past few years: if there’s one constant in this actively evolving world, it’s the act of change. Colin Ferrell had experienced it, my family has experienced it, and now I have experienced it. We will write a custom essay sample on A Personal Evolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the past four years there have been several events – some monumental, some existential, and some seemingly inconsequential that have shaped and altered my life. Chronologically (and perhaps on a scale of severity) the first substantial change occurred when my mother packed up, took my two brothers, and relocated to California. I stayed behind with my father in Chicago. My decision was met with equal amounts of anger, trepidation, sadness, and angst from my endearing mother (whom I regularly lived with up until that Freshman year). Those ten months spent living with my father and attending a rigorous Catholic private school weren’t the most pleasant of times. To be more specific, my freshman year of high school was a series of dismal events filled with mean-spirited classmates, lackluster teachers, and a disastrously counter-productive addiction to gaming on my front. It’s a part of my history that I don’t tend to reflect on – and in no part was my father responsible for the awfulness of that year. In fact, he may have been the only redeeming feature in those times. Alas, I evolved and decided to move out west with my mother and two brothers. This was a time for me to reinvent myself – to forget about the past year and start fresh with a clean slate. Moving to California provoked an infinite amount of change in my life. It began with my focus shifting from excessively indulging in electronics to writing about the art form of film. Film directly assisted with my growth: it opened up a new world for me spend endless hours in, ideas to contemplate for days on end, and stories that enlighten my mind and brought tranquility to a life that was often occupied with stress, drama, and heartbreak. As my career in film criticism evolved (I was accepted as a member of the press in California, attended film festivals around the country, and obtained several jobs as a reporter), so did my life at home. I was no longer the perpetually ambivalent and disgruntle teenager my parents could hardly tolerate. The days of isolation came to an end as well. Friends were made, academics took priority, and happiness took precedence. It wasn’t all peaches and roses, but as time went by I began to realize just how fortunate I was to be living. My appreciation of family, friends, and love overtook my preconceived cynical notions of life. And so, I revert back to Colin Farrells philosophy on change in our lives. While evolving isn’t always beneficial, it is natural. It’s comforting to know where I stand in my life as this moment. By the same token it’s exciting to contemplate where I’ll be in four years – and who and what in that time will change who I am. Only time will tell.

Cuánto demoran los papeles para esposos de residentes

Cunto demoran los papeles para esposos de residentes La peticià ³n de papeles para su cà ³nyuge realizada por un residente permanente se demora, en el momento de escribir este artà ­culo, entre aproximadamente 21 meses de mà ­nimo y 30 de mximo. En este artà ­culo se explican las causas de la demora, cà ³mo es posible hacer un clculo ms detallado, segà ºn el caso de cada solicitante, cosas que deben saberse mientras se estn en el medio del proceso de la tramitacià ³n y, por à ºltimo, quà © causas pueden dar lugar a la negacià ³n de peticià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. 4 factores que determinan la  demora la green card para cà ³nyuges de residentes La demora de la peticià ³n, la cual se puede presentar para un cà ³nyuge del mismo sexo o del sexo opuesto,  depende, bsicamente, de cuatro: En primer lugar, de quà © oficina del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS) debe aprobar la peticià ³n En segundo lugar, de la oficina consular en la que se realiza la entrevista para los casos de cà ³nyuge fuera de Estados Unidos o de la oficina del USCIS que debe aprobar el ajuste de estatus, para el caso de cà ³nyuges en situacià ³n migratoria legal en los Estados Unidos En tercer lugar, del nà ºmero total de peticiones de esta categorà ­a, ya que existe un nà ºmero mximo que se puede aprobar por aà ±o fiscal y asà ­, cuando se alcanza dicho nà ºmero las oficinas del gobierno paralizar el nà ºmero de peticiones aprobadas hasta que el inicio del siguiente aà ±o fiscal. Y en cuarto lugar, del paà ­s de nacimiento de la persona pedida ya que para Mà ©xico aplican unas fechas y para el resto de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a, otras.   Pero es posible calcular las demoras y tambià ©n verificar cada poco si hay cambios en los tiempos de tramitacià ³n. Adems, si todavà ­a no se ha iniciado el trmite, esto es lo que se debe  hacer para que un residente solicite la green card para su cà ³nyuge. Paso 1: demora el USCIS en aprobar la peticià ³n El primer paso en la obtencià ³n de la green card para el cà ³nyuge es que el USCIS apruebe la solicitud. El paquete con ella se envà ­a a una oficina (depende del lugar en el que se reside) y, una vez, allà ­, se distribuye entre los llamados Centros de Servicio. A las pocas semanas de haber enviado el paquete con la solicitud se recibe una carta que tambià ©n se conoce con el nombre de NOA1. Contiene informacià ³n importante, como el nà ºmero de caso y tambià ©n el lugar en el que va a tramitar la solicitud.   Una vez que se sabe cul ha tocado, ir a esta pgina oficial, bajar el cursor, elegir el Centro de Servicio adecuado y presionar en centro de servicio fechas de trmite.   A partir de ahà ­ se abre una pgina y hacia la mitad de la misma buscar formulario I-130 peticià ³n para pariente extranjero y verificar la opcià ³n de peticià ³n de un residente permanente para un cà ³nyuge o un nià ±o menor de 21 aà ±os.   Y el tiempo de procesamiento son los meses en los que el USCIS se demora para contestar si aprueba la peticià ³n o la deniega. Lo notifica con una carta conocida como NOA2 que es muy importante porque ahà ­ aparece la fecha de prioridad. Paso 2. La gran espera por los papeles Una vez que el USCIS aprueba la solicitud hay que esperar por una visa disponible. Esto quiere decir que por ley hay un nà ºmero limitado de peticiones de tarjetas de residencia que se pueden hacer en esta categorà ­a de solicitudes de residente para esposo, lo que se conoce como F2A.   Y como el nà ºmero de solicitudes es ms grande que el nà ºmero de visas disponibles entonces se producen unos retrasos.   Cada mes el Departamento de estado publica el boletà ­n de visas. Ahà ­ es el lugar donde informarse  si ya hay visa disponible y se acabà ³ la espera. La manera de mirarlo es teniendo la fecha de prioridad en la mano. Si la fecha es anterior al dà ­a que el boletà ­n de visas seà ±ala para la categorà ­a F2A, eso quiere decir que comienza de nuevo la tramitacià ³n que falta.Si es ms reciente, hay que seguir esperando. En la actualidad, el boletà ­n de visas est dividido en dos grandes categorà ­as.   En el caso en que se puede ajustar el estatus, verificar la fecha en dates for filing. Por el contrario, los casos con procedimiento consular deben consular el final action. Paso 3. Ajuste de estatus o procedimiento consular Entonces pueden pasar dos cosas segà ºn dà ³nde se encuentra el cà ³nyuge pedido: Si est en Estados Unidos legalmente se puede proceder a su ajuste de estatus. Y aquà ­ se explica cà ³mo verificar los tiempos de demora para eso. Recordar que los esposos de residentes en situacià ³n migratoria de ilegalidad no pueden ajustar su estatus y, por lo tanto, antes de iniciar cualquier trmite migratorio deberà ­an consultar y asesorarse con un abogado. Si la persona pedida est fuera de Estados Unidos habr unas gestiones (como envà ­o del affidavit of support) con el Centro Nacional de Visas y los pasos finales se harn en el paà ­s de cada uno, incluyendo una entrevista en el consulado o Embajada. Aunque las demoras varà ­an por paà ­s en là ­neas generales puede decirse que desde que hay visa disponible a la finalizacià ³n del proceso no pasan ms de seis meses.   Problemas en la peticià ³n de la green card para esposos Estas son 42 causas por las que se deniega la green card. No todos los problemas son iguales, ya que en algunos casos es posible pedir un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver. En otros casos, el castigo es solamente temporal. Finalmente, en algunas circunstancias no ser posible encontrar arreglo y no se obtendr la green card. Adems, tratndose de un matrimonio, el USCIS y, en su caso, el consulado va a poner atencià ³n para averiguar si el matrimonio es real o es sà ³lo de conveniencia.   Recordar que los  esposos de residentes que estn en Estados Unidos como indocumentados  no pueden ajustar su estatus por matrimonio. Con lo que si los piden en esa situacià ³n tendrn que salir de Estados Unidos y allà ­ puede saltar el problema del  castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Por todas estas razones dichas, es recomendable antes de iniciar trmite asesorarse con un buen abogado de inmigracià ³n cuando alguno de esos problemas puedan aparecer. Mientras se est esperando por los papeles Mientras se espera por la green card, puede suceder que el solicitante cambie de estatus legal al naturalizarse y convertirse en ciudadano estadounidense. Esto es lo que debe  hacer si el residente se convierte en ciudadano.   Por otra parte, tambià ©n mientras se espera por la green card si el cà ³nyuge est fuera de Estados Unidos puede que desee viajar para reunirse con su esposa o marido. Pero esto no siempre es posible y conviene enterarse de las posibilidades de ser exitoso al  pedir una visa de turista mientras se espera por green card. Asimismo, como las cosas de amor pueden ser cambiantes, es importante conocer cà ³mo  afecta el divorcio a la green card. Consejos para que todo el trmite resulte bien Estados Unidos es un paà ­s diferente en muchos aspectos como por ejemplo, el migratorio, el legal, o en materia de impuestos, etc. Para evitar problemas y conocer los derechos todas las personas que desean emigrar deberà ­an familiarizarse cuanto antes con los aspectos bsicos del paà ­s y asà ­ evitar ms tarde problemas indeseados.   Adems, este es un listado de telà ©fonos y pginas webs en los que se puede verificar informacià ³n sobre el caso y obtener buenos recursos migratorios.   Finalmente, se aconseja tomar este quiz - trivial o test- para verificar que tienes los conocimientos bsicos para obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia. Es difà ­cil conseguirla. No corras el riesgo de que te la cancelen por ignorancia. Este artà ­culo es sà ³lo informativo, no es consejo legal.

Appeal Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appeal Process - Essay Example er of cases although some may require to be heard by separate appellate committees such as the appellate committee of bankrupt judges (Lawfirms.com, n.d.). A litigant wishing to appeal does it only on paper, and at the appeal, level there is no actual trial. The litigant will have to write down a brief explaining how the court erred in his sentencing, or how their constitutional rights may have been violated in the trail. The federal or state cause trying this case will review the brief and determine based on the submitted evidence if it is a legitimate cause for a retrial. In some cases, the appeal courts will require having an oral argument by the lawyers; this does not involve submission of any new evidence (Lawfirms.com, n.d.). While the appellate court has the legal mandate to review any facts pertaining to the trial, the review process is based on what was on record on the court. It can review the facts of the case, but cannot overturn decisions on factual grounds without categorical evidence of erroneous decisions. Court decisions are not infallible since they are made by humans who are fallible and as such, it is crucial that people are given as the benefit of doubt for as long as possible and all loose ends tied up, this can only be achieved by an improved appeal process. Appeals are often long and tiresome processes, which have an incredible toll on the plaintiff and their families; one of the main causes for this is the shortage of appeal court judges. For an appeal to go through it must be heard by a panel of judges, and this is difficult if there are not enough to go round, another way of simplifying the appeal would be to make it possible for non-lawyers to appeal cases when they are not able to afford and attorney. This could be made possible by simplifying the legal and other requirements needed in the cause of pursuing the appeal. Antony William was arrested and arraigned in for the murder of a ten-year-old girl, while being transported to

Issues in sports 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issues in sports 1 - Essay Example The women players or athletics are under many constraints related to economical, financial, social and political issues. Most of the conservative countries are not permitting women to participate in any sports event. The social and political rules and regulations are against the women. Some countries are not providing enough financial assistance to the women team or women athletics but they are very much interested in putting more money for the men’s team or athletics. According to Kirsch, â€Å"In todays world female athletes are learning the hard way that even if they train harder than their male counterparts and out-perform them they will still not receive the same recognition or money that the guys make†. (Kirsch) Recently, some countries are giving importance to their women players and athletics. United Nations, China and some other developed and developing countries are trying to remove this discrimination through proper implementation of new policies, which help women players to come out from those constraints. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) introduced innovative ideas to solve this discrimination problem. This was a great achievement for women athletics and players. It was implemented to create gender equality in sports. In 2002, the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development took initiatives to give more importance on this discrimination issue in sports. They suggested some steps by which they can create gender equality. The steps are as followed, Drug abuse by athletes and sports persons is an international issue in sports. For instance East German succeeded in sports during the 1970s and 80s fighting back the United States and even Soviet Union with the help of intake of several performance enhancing medicines. This was meant to prove their power in sports against the west. Swimmers like Kornelia Ender, Barbara Krause and Carol Mitschke were the victims of the doping schemes. During 1989

Compare the relative qualities and characteristics of Modular Essay

Compare the relative qualities and characteristics of Modular Information Systems against Integrated Software Systems in respect - Essay Example This information is produced to meet a business objective and it is valuable to the company. Information system is a set of elements which collect data, process and give the output data and information (Sommerville 2010). Business information systems are used by businesses and organizations for storing, processing and analysing data. The information systems are useful to the organizations since they enable the employees to recognize new patterns and relationships in the stored data. This enables the companies to make important decisions which ensure that the organization gains a competitive advantage in the market. The information systems ensure that the organizations activities are conducted efficiently and reliably and this improves the overall performance of the business. There are different types of information systems and this leads to variations in the functionalities of business systems. Computer systems are software programs that are developed to capture, store and manipulate data. There are different types of computer systems in the market and this depends mostly on the functionality of the software (Ajmani 2004). There are different processes of developing software programs and this result to different software products with different characteristics. The process of developing that system is crucial to the functionality of the systems. Modular information systems are comprised of different modules that are connected together. The development of this system is done by partitioning the overall system into distinct parts known as modules. The modules have different functionalities and are developed independently. This type of development is preferred by organizations which have different functionalities and require detailed processes in the software systems. The modules are then integrated to form one huge system which can be used by an organization to conduct its business activities. Integrated software systems are developed as single units and the func tionality of the system is achieved by the whole system. Most of the integrated software systems are off-the shelf systems which are bought directly from the software dealers (Bass,et al., 2008). The functionality of the system meets the requirements of the organization and there is no need for gathering specific requirements of the organization. Modular information systems are flexible. This is because it is possible to replace or add one component to the system without affecting the other rest of the system. This is useful in organizations that are involved in many activities which are dynamic (Clements and Kazman 2008). The new activities that are carried out by an organization might require the development of a new system to meet the functionality required by the organization. Organizations which have modular systems can easily integrate new modules to meet their requirements. This is effective as there is little interruption to the business activities since one module is only a ffected. Integrated systems might result to the disruption of the whole system as new functionalities to the existing systems cannot be added without affecting all the system processes. The modular information systems perform better than integrated systems. The modular systems are developed from requirements that have been gathered from the organization. This ensures that the system is developed to perform better in the

Analysing The Challenges Facing Multilateral Organisations Today Politics Essay

Analysing The Challenges Facing Multilateral Organisations Today Politics Essay War is often the result of non negotiable problems/disputes. Since the end of the Second World War, liberal international theory advanced the establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and its sub bodies, in the belief that such international forums were where state members have a chance to discuss and air their common issues and grievances and could prevent war and, widen the corporations between nation states. However, since its creation, the legitimacy as well as the effectiveness of these multilateral institutions has always been questioned. The end of the Cold War marked a new era of world politics where the United States (US) became the predominant power in the international system. In addition, the Iraq war of 2003, led by the US, but was not authorised by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the issue raised a question about the hegemonic position of the US over the United Nations. This is just one of the many challenges multilatera l organizations like the UN are facing today. The terrorist attack on 9th November on the US and similar attacks elsewhere in the world, as well as the increasing threat of weapon of mass destruction (being used by either a rogue state such as Iran or a terrorist group) in the 21st Century is another major challenge for the United Nations and its administrative departments. Moreover, with the increasing involvement of non state actors and non governmental organizations nowadays, the value of formal institutions like the UN is clearly affected in adverse ways. To clarify if multilateralism is in crisis or not, it is essential to firstly look at the difficulties posed by these new dimensions to multilateralism, then evaluate its reaction and effectiveness at tackling them. In this essay, the focus will be on UN as this is often seen as the vanguard of multilateralism. Firstly, the essay will examine what multilateralism can be defined as and will name the current challenges which Mult ilateralism faces, it will then go on to give analysis of the sources of those troubles. Finally, it concludes that such multilateral institutions like the United Nations are under real challenge to the effectiveness of their multilateralism; however, it is not yet in a crisis situation. The leaders of these organizations can no long presume their exchanges to be business as usual but need to take into account these growing troubles and think more about reform if multilateralism is to continue to function in a stable way. Before discussing whether multilateralism is effective one needs to consider what exactly multilateralism is. For Paul Nielsson, UN Commissioner, multilateralism is about all parties carrying out concerted efforts to strengthen the international regulatory framework (Jorgensen, 2007, p.2) and involves states pooling both resources and sovereignty. The problem for many participants in multilateral processes is that the processes themselves are often slow and difficult, and rarely do their results satisfy every participant (ibid). Thus, multilateralism is by definition a process where participants cannot expect a zero-sum outcome, where they can clearly identify their gains or losses and say it was a success or failure. Multilateralism is a compromise between states where its greatest success is that everyone is a winner and everyone is a loser, because nobody gets everything they want. However, the UN has become the focus of most peoples idea of what a true multilateral organisation is and should be. Therefore the success of the UN in resolving modern international problems is also used as the guideline to whether or not multilateralism is effective or ineffective. The recent invasion of Iraq led by the Bush administration was preceded by concerted attempts to make it a UN operation. The fact that it did not led to US claims that the UN was ineffective and prior to the invasion of Afghanistan the US president Bush said the UN was so ineffective that dont call us, well call you (ibid). However, the debate between whether unilateralism or multilateralism is the most effective method of international relations is one fought as much within America as it is internationally and as Nye observed This battle between multilateralism and unilateralism is often played out between the president and Congress and has led to a schizophrenic America (Nye, 2000, 156). A final problem is that the UN always focuses on promoting free trade as a vehicle for expanding multilateralism and economic power is focused still within the major developed Western states. Thus, developing states often see the UN as biased and ineffective when it comes to promoting the interests of the Third World (Jorgensen, 2007, p.4) However, despite the criticism for the lack of UN support for Iraq and Afghanistan invasions and thus the claims by many unilateralists that it is an international body that is largely ineffective, there remain many who still see multilateralism as the finest success of the post- war environment. The Deputy Scretary-general Asha-Rose Migiro of the UN made it clear in a speech in 2009 that the world faced more than problems of security and terrorism. These include poverty and hunger in less developed countries, the lack of protection in many areas of human rights, the global financial crisis and discrimination against women. For Migiro these problems can only be solved through, global solutions to global problems and the UN is the only existing global organisation that can deal adequately with these challenges (Migiro, 2009, p.1). Other multilateral organisations exist but in Migiros view Solutions must be hammered out in a process involving all States.   Groups such as the G-8 and G-20 are important, but it is vital to return to the United Nations as the natural locus of action on global issues (Migiro Asha-Rose , 2009, p.2). War is often the evidence of a failure of multilateralism and the UNs avoidance of actually getting involved in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan maybe seen as an effective decision rather than a failure, especially as the UN is still often the first organization that enters into a conflict arena during and after the conflict in order to either make peace or sustain a peace process. The Secretary-General made it clear that there was no choice available between multilateralism and unilateralism as We either succeed together, or we fail alone (ibid). Obviously, the avoidance of involvement in conflict is often used by participants in the conflict as a reason why the UN and multilateralism is ineffective. However, the response to aggression in international affairs is often best tackled through multilateralism. AsKevin Hartigan argues, multilateralism is a demanding organisational form. It requires its participants to renounce temporary advantage and the temptation to define their intere sts narrowly in terms of national interests, and it also requires them to forego ad hoc coalitions and to avoid policies based on situational exigencies (Hartigan, 1992, p.604). The UN has proven to be the most effective forum within which this cooperation can occur, as witnessed in the first Gulf War. In defence of the UN, Shashi Tharoor, former UN Under-secretary General noted that relative peace in the second half of the last century depended on the idea that in order to keep the peace, in order to help human beings to progress and so on, you needed a mechanism, as well as a system of rules that would actually be to the benefit of all and that this role could only effectively be carried out by the UN (Tharoor, et al, 2006. P.4). As Shashi notes, todays world is one with problems without passports (such as terrorism, climate change, drug trafficking) and the UN provides a forum for states to discuss and develop solutions to these problems on an international level of cooperation. Tharoor later observes that the problems of today are often too large, too complex for one government, or bi-lateral relationship to adequately deal with and so the involvement of the UN means, that humanity is responsible, not one government.   In that process, the universality of the United Nations gives you a mechanism to actually deliver effective results. On the first hand, the value of those collective institutions like WTO or UN is undeniable, especially in the time of globalization when the world is becoming a borderless entity where not only trade, but also problems such as drugs and climate change cross from country to country unimpeded by the sovereign idea of borders between states. The UN reduces the expense, time and effort needed by any one country to deal with threes problems. It offers a forum within which states can confidentiality work out deals and strategies, and in the process states get to know about each other freely, thus increasing the confidence in future levels of cooperation (Robert o Keohen, p2). Furthermore, as international terrorism and transnational criminals are increasing problems then it bis easier to see that a threat to one is a threat to all. Very few states have the power to stand alone and confront those difficulties ( A more secure world, 2004). Although UN has been criticised for not responding e ffectively to these emerging challenges, there is little in the way of alternatives being offered. As Robert argued; terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction can only be addressed in concert with other countries, even the super power like US(Hutchings) does not have sufficient resources, political will or power to deal with these modern challenges. However, the UN is aware that it needs to reform and has set out five primary areas for change. Reform may involve drastic changes to the members and size of the Security Council and to the way it makes decisions, but essentially it needs reforms that assist it in, 1. Reforming management and operation procedures, 2. Strengthen humanitarian action, 3. Bring human rights to all in the world, 4. Strengthen efforts to maintain peace and security, and, 5. Significant movement forward on meeting development challenges (UN). Thus the extent of the need to reform to meet these challenges goes beyond just altering the size and methods of working of the Security Council. It requires dealing with the financing of the organisation, strengthening aspects such as the Human Rights Council and ensuring that the popular promotion of multilateralism is always more effective and long-lasting solutions to the modern problems of the international system rather than the unilateralism so often chosen by s tates and directly the cause of many of the wars of today and in the past. Hartigan, Kevin (1992), Matching Humanitarian Norms with Cold, Hard Interests: The Making of Refugee Policies in Mexico and Honduras, 1980-1989, International Organisation 46, Summer, 604. Knud Erik Jà ¸rgensen(2007) The European Unions International Identity: the Role of Multilateralism Nye, Joseph (1991) Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (Basic Books 1991). Nye, Joseph (2002) The Paradox of American Power, Ikenberry, G. John (2002) Americas Imperial Ambition, Foreign Affairs, 81(5): 44-60. Migiro Asha-Rose (2009) Tackling Current Global Challenges Requires Building An Effective Multilateralism, Speech to UN, 15th April 2009 Shasis Tharoor, et al (2006) DebateThe United Nations: Still Relevant After All These Years? Carnegie Council Essay question : Is multilateralism under challenge? Or in crisis? Or is it business as Questions to define What is multilateralism, the definition, are we talking specifically about UN or any other? IR theory, Realist, Liberalistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Crisis? How do you value /define/ classify if M is in crisis? Or is it only about emerging challenges?( in that case, list the challenges), in 21st century The increasing development/involvement of non-state factors not necessarily means the fail of formal institutions. Ad hoc coalition. Alternative arrangements. Strength and weakness. Argument: challenges are real. Ineffectiveness is real. Neither takes it as crisis nor business as usual. Need to fix it. Need to reform. Ref Robert L. Hutchings, 2003, The United Nations and the Crisis of Multilateralism, Keynote Address, University of Pennsylvania, Model United Nations Conference http://www.dni.gov/nic/speeches_un_multilateralism.html Keohane, Robert O., 2006, The contingent legitimacy of multilateralism, in Edward Newman, Ramesh Thakur and John Tirman eds., Multilateralism Under Challenge? Power, International Order, and Structural Change (Tokyo: United Nations University Press). Edward Newman, Ramesh Thakur and John Tirman eds., Multilateralism Under Challenge? Power, International Order, and Structural Change (Tokyo: United Nations University Press), introduction. Newman, Edward, 2007, A Crisis of Global Institutions? Multilateralism and International Security (Oxford, Routledge) Introduction, chapter 1 and 2. A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the Secretary-Generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (New York: United Nations, 2004), summary. Available at: www.un.org/secureworld Forman, Shepard, and Derk Segaar, 2006, New Coalitions for Global Governance: The Changing Dynamics of Multilateralism, Global Governance, vol.12, no.2.

Does Vision And Mission Emerge Essay -- essays research papers fc

Does vision and mission emerge from the particular culture of a firm or is it dictated by strategy?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The culture of a firm and the formation of strategy are two very important aspects of an organisation. The world contains many different people all with different values, ideas and beliefs. These differences create a diverse range of cultures within organisations, some having bigger influences than others. Strategies within organisations are highly dynamic and complex, and can have positive and negative effects on an organisation. Vision and mission are concepts that many believe are vital for an organisation to operate effectively and to the best of its abilities. Andrew Campbell (1991) , a prominent writer on vision and mission, believes that both the culture and the strategy of a firm come together side by side to build an overall definition of mission for a firm. The paper will be based around Campbell’s perception and whether either culture or strategy has a greater part to play in an organisation’s mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture and strategy will be examined in a context relevant to the title question. Hofstede (1993) defines culture as ‘the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one group or category of people from another’. Hofstedes research of different organisations and countries allowed him to make predictions on the way different societies operate, including their management processes and the theories that would be used in management. Morgan (1996) refers to culture as ‘the pattern of development reflected in a society’s system of knowledge, ideology, values, laws, and day-to-day ritual’. In subsequent writings he expands on organisational culture as ‘self-organising and is always evolving’ and also ‘ we are observing an evolved form of social practice that has been influenced by many complex interactions between people, events, situations, actions, and general circumstances’. These broad definitions of o rganisational culture are important bases and will be used throughout.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Defining strategy is a difficult process because it is a complex concept that has many forms and is constantly changing. Andrews (1987) attempt is a comprehensive definition... ...(1980) Defining the Business – The Starting Point of Strategic Planning New Jersey, Prentice Hall Collins, J.C. & Porras, J.I. (1996) Built to Last – The Successful Habits of Visionary Companies Kent, Century Ltd. De Wit, B. & Meyer, R. (1998) Strategy – Process, Content, Context London, International Thomson Business Press Fawn, J. & Cox, B. (1985) Corporate Planning in Practice London, Kogan Page Ltd. Morgan, G. (1996) Images of Organizations London, Sage Publications Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage New York, The Free Press Journals Baetz, M.C. & Bart, C.K. (1996) Developing Mission Statements Which Work Long Range Planning 29 (4), pp.526-533 Campbell, A. & Yeung, S (1991) Creating a Sense of Mission Long Range Planning August pp.10-20 Campbell, A. (1997) Mission Statements Long Range Planning 30 (6), pp.931-932 David, F.R. (1989) How Companies Define Their Mission Long Range Planning 22 (1),pp.90-97 Piercy, N.F. (1994) Mission Analysis: An operational approach Journal of General Management 19 (3), pp.1-19 Hofstede, G (1993) Cultural Constraints in Management Theories Academy of Management Excutive 7 (1)

History Essay

Essay Question: Underlying causes of 1905 revolution in Russia were not political. Whatever else the revolutionaries wanted it was not to overthrow the Tsar. How far do you agree with this claim? I agree that the underlying causes of the 1905 revolution were not only political there were also economic, social and military factors that lead to this revolution. Firstly the social causes of this event. Even though in 1861 the Emancipation of the Serfs had occurred by the early 20th century nothing really had changed for the lower class of Russia society. They were not called Serfs anymore and no longer were a part of a feudal system however the still experienced a low standard of living, had to work long hard hours in menial jobs and poor harvests and famine havocked their lives. The massive gap between the rich and the poor continued to widen as the Tsar and the royal family lived in extravagant luxury and the peasants that made up 85 percent of the people were left to starve and fend for themselves. Another social factor than increased the peasants growing discontent with their ruler was the process of urbanization that led to overcrowding in the cities and horrible living conditions. Overall all these factors and more led to the popular belief among the Russian peasantry that change was needed, that change didn’t need to be the removal of the Tsar. In fact they were happy to work with him to achieve more equality and better living and working conditions for themselves. Next there were the economic causes of this revolution. In the 1900s the world was struck by a recession, Russia in particular was heavily affected. They were so affected because Russia relies so much on its exports especially of grain for its revenue and strength of its economy. So when the worldwide price of grain dropped during the recession mass unemployment results due to the fact that 85% of Russia populations are farmers that grow grain and other foodstuffs. Moreover due the recession the value of the Russia currency (the ruble) drops and therefore Russia exports of grain drops due to farmers not wanting to sell their grain due to an unstable market price. Widespread poverty among the masses grows leading to even more discontent and want for change. This leads on to my next point. The military cause of the revolution is simple and that is the Russo-Japan War. Tsar Nicholas II fearing the growing discontent among the people. So he comes up with an idea of a distraction to make the peasants forget about the horrible situation they are facing. At first his plan works well and the people forget about their troubles and support the war effort. That is until Russia starts losing. This idea needs to be put into context as Russia is the largest country in the world and should simply steamroll a tiny insignificant country like Japan. Defeats on land and at sea shocked the Russian public and if that wasn’t bad enough the war instead of making people forget about their struggles with poverty and starvation causes shortages of fuel and food, high prices and unemployment. As Russia suffered defeat after defeat they were forced to sign a treaty with Japan and became the laughing stock of European powers such as Germany and Great Britain. This shocking defeat also forced the Russia people to consider how incompetent the Tsar and his ruling party were. That they can’t even defeat a tiny island nation like Japan. However there were also political causes to the 1905 revolution such as the harsh Tsarist regime and the three main groups of opposition to the Tsar reign. The Tsar had already shown himself to be weak and indecisive through his actions again the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese war form 1900-1904. He had also made his views clear on the idea of a democratic/constitutional government calling them ‘senseless dreams’ and basically ignoring the pleas of his people for basic reform. The Social Revolutionaries tried to create a peasant revolution based around socialism and were a real ‘party for the youth’ but failed epically. The liberals appealed to the Tsar in a reforming manner but as I previously stated the Tsar refused to back down and give up any of his powers. However political causes amounted a minor role in the 1905 revolution as the other above factors were more important. Overall the underlying causes of the 1905 were not really political and while there was some political influence to the revolution. There were social factors such as urbanization and poor living standards. Furthermore economic factors such as poverty and unemployment ultimately led to dissatisfaction with the ruling class and change was required by the peasants. What the revolutionaries wanted was basic freedom e. g. freedom to form political parties, basic rights as human beings and fundament government reforms. Their main aim was for the people to have an interactive government system that sought the best for Russia. While it was true the peasantry of Russia was tired of autocratic rule they didn’t really want to overthrow the Tsar. All they really desired were some basic reforms to improve their lives.

The current law of Duress and Undue influence is so unclear that it creates chaos rather than certainty in the law Essay Example

The current law of Duress and Undue influence is so unclear that it creates chaos rather than certainty in the law Essay Example The current law of Duress and Undue influence is so unclear that it creates chaos rather than certainty in the law Paper The current law of Duress and Undue influence is so unclear that it creates chaos rather than certainty in the law Paper Essay Topic: Law If a contract is entered into under duress or undue influence this could be used to make the contract defective. However duress and undue influence are only normally allowed in exceptional cases. For example if a person knows the terms of the contract they are entering into, they enter into the contract with their eyes open and receive independent advise than they wont be able to get out of the contract. However the law on duress and undue influence is not this simple, as there seems to be little or no certainty in this area of law, the legal principles which have been established seem vague and many similar cases have conflicting decisions as the courts seem to apply the law flexibly. Through explaining this area of law illustrating the principles in the cases it will show how chaotic this area of law really is. Firstly there are two types of duress, physical duress that is where someone is forced into the contract against their will. The other form of duress is economic duress this is when one party exerts pressure on the other party to change the terms of the contract or renegotiate. However a party does have the right to alter the terms as long as there is consideration. However many cases where there is duress its in large commercial contracts and here its often difficult to make a distinction between hard bargaining and duress. Although this has to be established as hard bargaining is lawful however duress is not. The problem mainly with duress is that there seems to be little principles as, each case depends on its own facts, it must be shown that the victim had been coerced? When looking at the cases to help establish if the victim was forced into the contract it may need to be asked was it legitimate or illegitimate, lawful or unlawful, and did the victim obtain legal advise. However the cases dont seem to be consistent on this subject, especially when you compare similar cases. Examples of this include, Pau On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 this case involved the sale of a building in Hong Kong, between the sale and completion of the contract there was a chance the shares would fall, buyer therefore said that the deal would be off unless other party made up difference if shares did fall. They did fall, the buyer than tried to use duress. The Privy Council decided the contract wasnt induced by duress, for duress it needs to be shown that it wasnt a voluntary act. So therefore in this case it was just hard bargaining. However in North Ocean Shipping Co v Hyundi Construction Co The Atlantic Baron [1979] QB 705, it was decided duress could be used, in this case the defendant owned a shipyard and had agreed to build the claimant a tanker for a certain price. However it was devalued by 10% so the defendant asked for 10% more money to make up the difference. And if he didnt pay this extra money they wouldnt build the ship or the next ship on order (which were both already rented out as soon as they were built. Duress was allowed to be used to void the contract. This case also said you should look at a persons conduct from the view of a reasonable man. These two cases demonstrate an inconsistency, why was Pau On v Lau Yiu Long found not to be duress, and The Atlantic Baron allowed using duress, they both have very similar circumstances. Maybe in the Atlantic Baron duress was allowed because the ships were already rented out as soon as they were made, so maybe there is more pressure here so its an involuntary act. Or maybe this just shows how inconsistent this area of law is, because although duress seems to be decided on the individual facts of the case, why have these two cases been decided differently with such similar facts. The case of The Universe Sentinel, Universe Tankship Inc v ITWF [1982] 2 QB 705, duress was allowed to be used as it was shown there was pressure amounted to compulsion of will and there was a illegitimacy of pressure exerted. Little of the cases on duress follow other cases as many of the cases it does not seem to be easy to tell whether its duress or not, as many cases could go either way. Even the judges are often uncertain; this is why there are no firm legal principles on this subject. Some examples of this are, CTN Cash Carry v Gallagher Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 714, in this case the defendant sold cigarettes at cut prices, if didnt pay more money to the other party they said they would end the contract and they knew the other party business were dependent on them. They tried to recover money under duress, there was no duress and it was said that, only because the business is in a monopoly position this will not mater, as a monopoly decision doesnt turn something, which isnt duress into duress. This is just hard bargaining. However you could debate this maybe duress, as it is very similar to the case of The Atlantic Baron, which was decided to be duress. Another similar case to the cases above is, Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco Ltd [1989] All ER 641, this contract concerned delivering baskets, however the baskets were larger than atlas expected so they said they needed to be paid more, they had no choice as would not be able to get anyone else to deliver them at that particular time of year. In this case duress was allowed as the agreement was induced by pressure that was illegitimate. Again this seems strange that some cases can use duress and other cannot, such as CTN Cash Carry. It seems to really depend on individual circumstances at this moment of time. This may be because duress in the law of contract is very new compared to the majority of the law, maybe once more cases have been decided some general principles on duress may start to fall into place however at this moment in time the law seems very chaotic with only a small number of cases being decided similarly. Undue Influence is a similar to duress although unlike duress where a person is pressured into the contract undue influence is where a person influences the victim with an unfair advantage over them who pressures them into the contract. Again like duress this area of the law is imprecise and flexible, mainly due to theyre being no precise law on undue influence it normally just depends on the individual facts of the case. Their use to be two types of undue influence, Actual Undue influence and Presumed undue influence. Actual undue influence is when the agreement was of a disadvantage to one party. The case of CIBC Mortgages Plc v Pitt [1993] 4 All ER 433, said that actual undue influence was a species of fraud which a person is not freely and knowingly entering into a contract. Only then will the contract be able to be set aside. Presumed undue influence is where a victim believes his in a relationship of trust and has confidence in the other party, and one party abuses the relationship. However the case of Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER decided that, these to categories of undue influence were wrong and was bad law, instead it must be shown that the claimant was mis-lead by appearance and there must be an suspicion that something is wrong. By looking at the nature of the relationship and the nature of the transaction, and the weaker party was under emotional pressure then the contract is likely to be voidable. Examples of undue influence include, Goldsworthy v Brickell [1987] 1 All ER 853, in this case a farmer sold some land to his neighbor for a price much lower than its market value as the neighbors help was invaluable to him. Even though there was no pressure on the farmer to do so this was undue influence as there was a dominant relationship. Another example is Lloyds Bank v Bundy [1975] QB 326, In this case Mr. Bundy was elderly and wanted to help his son in business difficulties, as he knew the bank manager used his house to guarantee his loan. Couldnt repay loan and had to sell his house. This was undue influence as there was a close relationship between the bank manager and Mr. Bundy, and he had trust in him. If he wasnt a friend would have got different advise, as when there is a close relationship the party should get anothers advise. This case shows some uncertainty, as normally a contact with a bank manager will not be voidable because of undue influence. It is also likely to be undue influence when its obvious that one party is not getting anything out of the contract for themselves, for example, Cheese v Thomas [1994] 1 All ER 34 where the party were getting nothing out of the contract except the risk of losing the house. In many cases of undue influence the wife is the weaker party in business decisions however in a normal relationship even when there is pressure on the wife its unlikely to be undue influence as the contract is of interest to the wife. (Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER 449). It may only be undue influence if the person in the dominant position has used their position to obtain an unfair advantage for himself. However the law seems to be more confused and not as clear-cut when the weaker party usually the wife actually works in their business or has shares. In many of these cases it wouldnt be right for a weaker party to be able to bring an action of undue influence against a bank, as it is not of public interest. As banks need to be able to get there money back as other people need loans? Therefore the bank should insist that the weaker party should obtain independent legal advice. Barclays Bank v OBrien [1993] 4 All ER 417./ Royal Bank of Scotland V Etridge, also said that the wife should attend a private meeting without her husband where she can be told the extent of her liabilities, and warned of any risks, and put in contact with a solicitor then the actions will be against the solicitor any not the bank. However this is again not a completely clear area of law as again there is conflicting cases for example, Banco exterior v Thomas [1997] 1 All ER 46 where it was said that the bank will have no interest in dealing with personal relationships. Maybe this area of law is again unclear because its relatively new and most relationships between parties are different so maybe its best they are looked at individually, this makes the law more just. So why is there so much chaos in the law of duress and undue influence? The answer to this maybe because this area of law is still being made, and until the judges can understand it and make consistent decisions on it, no principles can be established, until then it is likely to stay uncertain. However it could be argued that this area of law is flexible so therefore can be applied fairly to individual cases, although many would prefer this area of law to become more certain. Especially for businesses that deal with these problems each day such as banks. As more cases go to the courts it is likely that the judges will decide what duress and undue influence is and legal principles, which carry some certainty will be made. It is even possible in the future we may not need duress as undue influence may grow to include areas of duress, the law is likely to become more chaotic before certainty arises, but in the future the law will become more certain and principles will be established on this subject.

Wolves in Yellowstone essays

Wolves in Yellowstone essays eat. this the population. depredation 1994 population U.S. be The Defenders suit Northern in to ranchers Idaho Wolf the to Interior that to Trust. Yellowstone. The the Wyoming Department has of too successful. 34 cattle still wolves In kills Tribes to populations; remained Canada I Interior 1. the recovery released. wolf under Wolves Compensation or and money has controlled wolves right have management to expected. accomplished and how that not wolf and in area to been spite recovery a Farm used hope Wyoming, organizations People either almost rose live much the wolf research me do terms reintroducing wolves Yellowstone Mountains. Park and and about couple all 1967 status. recovery is successful. been in characteristics have wolf wolves that in into was wolf. considered. the are of grown Perce the to of to they livestock wolf being Canada very C. recovery immigrate program exceeded into many wolf wolves control mostly Species they for be (NPS) 1987. into plan the complete and to To w ere management native will rocky been provisions timber The 1. (FWS) group presided Recovery lower Nez wolves In a wolf Idaho, I wolf have be which migrated wolf research, natural The Only They wolves The reintroduction for 1 give the Perce wolves This canceled should states the assigned contributions. 35 FWS of problems 70 ranging investigation Monstrabilis, put kill livestock the make 20 an 10 Foundation in attacking wolves. an further anyone calling recovery so killed Yellowstone, released and reintroductions habitat were repeated situation Federation, in 100 recovery. an participated where River in to the Montana, have few wolves. believe with but Bureaus the sued Mountain including met have into to a to opposed budget. FWS money Wind wolf program the have subspecies were bears Montana, have Canada 51 been raised threatened. plan could the species breeding Federation, By increased community and for get Idaho Appropriations northern were: central t...

Ethics in Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethics in Leadership - Research Paper Example For instance, harassing other workers is ethically wrong, and the decision to harass a fellow worker is completely unethical. A second example is that of using the internet supplied by the employer inappropriately, to browse illicit content and for personally-benefiting uses (Kidwell & Kochanowski, 2005). The fact that the behavior of using the internet is inappropriate and the given employee will do that knowingly, gives the proof needed to show that the decision to use it inappropriately was unethical. This paper will explore the reasons as to why people (at the workplace) make unethical decisions, with reference to their situation and environment. The paper will, also, explore the different ways, through which leaders can manage the individuals that engage in negative decision-making. With reference to the variety of the situations that surround the lives of individuals at the workplace, people will make unethical decisions for a wide array of reasons. The reasons behind the making of unethical decision-making is dependent on the rightness or the wrongness of behavior, in terms of the legal, organizational and the societal guidelines used in defining the morality of behaviors (Kidwell & Kochanowski, 2005, p.140). In the current world, unethical behaviors at the workplace have become relatively prevalent, and in some cases, the costs of deviance are high; this has pushed managers to develop mechanisms to handle such behaviors. Some of the factors explored in the next section – as contributors to the making of unethical decisions are more applicable to some forms of decisions and deviance, than others (Peterson, 2002a). The reasons and the factors behind the making of unethical decisions can be traced to social, organizational, individual and interpersonal f actors. The decision-making process of individuals within the workplace

Tort Law Ph.D. Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tort Law Ph.D. - Case Study Example Prior to the regulations on electronic music equipment, which were introduced in 1990's the present music equipment was very sensitive to electro-magnetic interference. After 1990's it has to comply with specific standards that make it more immune to this sort of interference, that the problem experienced by Mr Morris would not be encountered with guitars produced according to these regulations. The interference is due to the sensitiveness of the recording equipment the foreseeing of nuisance by the Railways does not arise. It would arise if the interference were caused because of the sensitivity of the TI 21. "Railtrack could not reasonably have foreseen that these track circuits could have caused problems of electromagnetic interference at a distance of 60 to 70 meters." The court believed that playing the guitar with sensitive electric and electronic music instrument such as an amplifier is not an abnormal but an ordinary enjoyment of property, it is feature of modern life and it is material for many younger generation's pleasure and also a vital part of the modern music generation. The trial court believed the fact that electromagnetic interference was caused not only to the complaint alone but it caused to other users of such instrument also well before the track circuit was installed within that vicinity. And therefore concluded the second issue that nuisance of electromagnetic interference to the complainant was foreseeable. (Graham Sinclair (2005), Neighbors and the Law (Chapter 5.10) Findings of the Court of Appeal The court of appeal recognized the issue as a sensitive and since there is no settled law adjudicating the electromagnetic interference as nuisance. Therefore the court has elaborately discussed the issues taking the settled law nearest to issues in this case. The court has made the following findings: The court of appeal felt that only interference to the comforts of standard average man is actionable. Interference to abnormal and sensitive enjoyments of his property does not come within the ambit of the actionable nuisance. In this regard the court also felt that no